Multi-drug resistance pattern of bacterial isolates from urinary tract infection.

In the community and among hospitalized patients, urinary tract infections (UTIs) rank as the most common bacterial infections. The researchers processed urine samples obtained from affiliated hospitals of Peshawar Medical College. The samples were examined under a microscope to assess the presence of bacteria, pus cells and red blood cells. Following this, the samples were inoculated on MacConkey and blood agar and subsequent antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted. The findings revealed that 35.9% of hospitalized patients and 16.9% of outpatients were diagnosed with UTIs. Furthermore, 82.2% of the identified UTIs were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR), with MDR Escherichia coli accounting for 77% of cases. Trimethoprim sulfamethazine (26.8%), penicillin (0%), cefepime (27.8%), cefotaxime (23.7%), aztreonam (2.1%), meropenem (86.6%), ciprofloxacin (51.5%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (37.1%), nitrofurantoin (70.1%), gentamycin (73%), ceftazidime (19.5%), levofloxacin (51.5%) and ceftriaxone (25.77%) were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. It is concerning that among the 13 antibiotics examined, solely nitrofurantoin displayed oral efficacy as an effective treatment choice for UTIs.

Characterization of quinolones resistant Clostridium perfringens toxinotype D.

Clostridium perfringens toxins play role in causing pulpy kidney disease poisoning as well enterotoxaemia. To combat antimicrobial resistance: curbing use, regulations and execution to antimicrobial usage in food along with withdrawal period is necessary. Aim of study was to optimize the toxins production by indigenously characterized C. perfringens type D isolates (n=03) under various physicochemical parameters, a lead towards local vaccine production in Pakistan. Indigenous isolates were characterized on the basis of 16S rRNA and MW349974.1, MW341428.1, MW332258.1 accession numbers were received from NCBI GenBank. Isolates were identified as toxinotype D through PCR toxinotyping. Quinolones antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that isolates observed susceptible to enrofloxacin and resistant to ciprofloxacillin and ofloxacillin. Optimization of toxins production was determined under the influence of physical and chemical parameters. Alpha and epsilon toxin production in reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) broth was observed higher at 37°C after 24h incubation by MW332258.1. Under the influence of 0.2% glucose and 0.3% tween 80 supplementation in RCM, greater production of alpha and epsilon toxin units was observed by MW332258.1. Under optimized physicochemical parameters, maximum toxins units were observed; MW332258.1 isolate is excellent candidate could be used to produce maximum toxin units for vaccine production at industrial scale.